If you want to run the Chef-Client as a domain user I would recommend using “knife winrm” command.
Example of the syntax:
knife winrm "myserver.myorganization.net" "chef-client" -m -x "domain\Administrator" -P "super_secret_password"
This can be executed from your local chef workstation.
You could also use PowerShell Remoting to connect to the remote server as a domain user and execute chef-client